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Proceedings of the Linnean Society ey of New South Wales

VOLUME 95 No. 422-424

CONTENTS OF PROCEEDINGS, VOLUME 95

PART 1 (No. 422) (Issued 30th November, 1970)

CONTENTS Page Annual General Meeting: Report on the Affairs of the Society for the Year Elections

Balance Sheets

BaspEn, R. A note on the composition of the lerp and honeydew of Eucalyptolyma maidenii Froggatt ae a ae ane aus 9

Cuapwick, ©. E. Some aspects of the life history and ecology of Rhopaea magnicornis Blkb. (Col. Scarabaeidae) (Plate 1) .. a le

Luic, N. H., and Watson, I. A. The effect of complex genetic resistance in wheat on the variability of Puccinia graminis F. sp. tritici .. 22

Timms, B. V. Aspects of the limnology of five small reservoirs in New South Wales SS; ue ie ae : ft a .. 46

Hewson, H. J. The family Aneuraceae in Australia and New Guinea. Il. The genus Riccardia. (Plates mv) .. ¥. e Sf .. 60

GRIFFIN, D. J. G., and Sranpury, P. J. Type specimens in the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney. V. Decapod crustaceans .. ee

Notes and instruction for authors .. ae Ay a Be a OSG

PART 2 (No. 423) (Issued 23rd December, 1970)

CONTENTS

Brownz, W. R., and VauuAncer, T. G. Additional notes on glaciation in the Kosciusko region

CLARK, Ansa M. The name of the starfish, Anthena acuta (Perrier), preoccupied. (Communicated by Miss Elizabeth C. Pope). (Plate vr)

FRANKEL, O. H. Sir William Macleay Memorial Lecture, 1970. Variation —the essence of life

Strusz, D. L., CHarrerton, B. D. E., and Fioop, P. G. Revision of the New South Wales Devonian Brachiopod “Spirifer” yassensis. (Plates vir1Ix)

Wreesy, B. D. Problematical disk-like structure from the late Precambrian of western New South Wales. (Plate x)

Witson, F. D., and Byrnes, N. Two new species of Hibiscus section Furcaria (Malvaceae) from Australia. (Plates x1-x1t)

Notes and Instructions for authors ..

Page

133

157

158

170

191

194

198

CONTENTS

PART 3 (No. 424) (Issued 31st March, 1971)

ARMSTRONG, J. Pallial markings of some Permian Spiriferids. (Plates XII-xIv). (Communicated by Dr. T. B. H. Jenkins) ..

Racex, A. A., and YaAunpwyn, J. C. Notes on littoral Penaeinae (Crustacea: Decapoda) from the New Guinea area ..

Richardson, L. R. The relationship of the terrestrial jawed sanguivorous g. Mesobdella to the neotropical hirudiniform leeches (Hirudinoidea )

Ricuarpson, L. R. A new Australian “Dineta/Barbronia-like” leech, and related matters (Hirudinoidea: ? Erpobdellidae)

TeLForD, P. G. Stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Drake area, New South Wales. (Plate xv1). (Communicated by Professor Dorothy Hill.)

Wespy, B. D., and S—EMENIUK, V. The Ordovician coral genus Tetradium Dana from New South Wales. (Plates xvu-xx1)

Walter Lawry Waterhouse, 1887-1969 (Memorial Series, No. 22) Abstract of Proceedings ..

List of Members

List of Plates

List of New Genera and Species

Index

Notes and instruction for authors

Page

209

215

221

232

246 260 264 271 279 279 280

287

ANNUAL GENERAL MBEETING 25th Marcu 1970

The. Ninety-fifth Annual General Meeting was held in the Society’s Rooms, Science House, 157 Gloucester Street, Sydney, on Wednesday, 25th Mareh 1970; ait 7-30) p.m:

Mr. L. A. S. Johnson, Vice-President, occupied the chair.

The minutes of the Ninety-fourth Annual General Meeting (26th March 1969) were read and confirmed.

REPORT ON THE AFFAIRS OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR

The Society’s Proceedings for 1968, Vol. 98, Parts 2 and 3 were published on 10th March and 8th July 1969, and for 1969, Vol. 94, Part 1, on dist December 1969, respectively. A donation of $200 was made towards the printing of one paper in the Proceedings for 1969, Part 3, and a promise of $400 in addition.

During the year 10 new members were admitted to the Society, 4 died, 8 resigned and 4 were removed from the list of members. The numerical strength of the Society at Ist March 1970, was: Ordinary Members, 274; Life Members, 30; Corresponding Member, 1; total, 305.

The deaths of four members of the Society are recorded with great regret. Robert Henry Anderson, a member of the Society since 1922 and, at the time of his death, Hon. Secretary of the Society, died suddenly on 17th August 1969; Alexander John Nicholson, a member since 1922, died on 28th October 1969; Keith Eric Wellesley Salter, elected to membership in 1932, died on 6th August 1969, and Professor Walter Lawry Waterhouse, elected to membership in 1927 and to the Council on 28rd April 1930, died on 9th December 1969. (See Obituary Notices.)

Mr. R. H. Anderson, a member of Council since July 1936, and President, 1940-41, accepted the office of Hon. Secretary of the Society as from 21st April 1966. He was ill from May 1969, and passed away suddenly on 17th August 1969. The death of Mr. Anderson was a great loss to the Society but we are grateful that he was able to do so much for the Society during his three years and four months as our Hon. Secretary. A picture bought by him for his room (Spain Coast, by Horst Rumstedt) has remained there at the request of his daughter and a plaque has been placed on the frame with the words “1969. Presented by R. H. Anderson, Honorary Secretary”.

During the convalescence of Mr. Anderson, Drs. A. B. Walkon and W. R. Browne acted as Hon. Secretaries as from 28th May 1969. Later, 27th August 1969, Dr. W. R. Browne was elected Hon. Secretary in place of Mr. Anderson, and Professor F. Mercer looked after editorial matters. On 19th November, 1969, Mr. S. J. Copland accepted the offer to be Hon. Editorial Secretary. Dr. Joyce W. Vickery was elected a member of Council in place of Mr. Anderson on 17th December 1969. On the same date she was elected Hon. Administrative Secretary for three months to 31st March 1970.

A

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REPORT ON THE AFFAIRS OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR

Papers read at Ordinary General Meetings totalled 23. Lecturettes were given at the following meetings: April, Whaler sharks—a source of confusion, by Professor J. Garrick; June, [Experimental approach to ecology, by Dr. Peter Myerscough; July, Ecology of semi-arid areas, by Dr. Derek Anderson. At the September meeting an address was given by Professor A. R. Clapham, President, The Linnean Society of London, on “The Linnean Society of London, its Past, Present and Future’. ‘The meeting on 29th October 1969, took place in the Department of Botany, University of Sydney. At the conclusion of the meeting all present were invited to proceed to the Macleay Museum for an inspection of the building and the Macleay Museum Collections. Notes and Exhibits were a feature of the November meeting. No meetings were held in May or August. Appreciation is expressed to all who contributed in these various ways to the interest and programmes of these meetings.

Library accessions from scientific institutions and societies on the exchange list from Ist December 1968, to 28th February 1970, amounted to 2,207. The total number of borrowings from the library of books and periodicals by members and institutions for the year was 278. Members and others continued to consult publications in the Society’s Rooms, and books and periodicals were made available for copying. The library has been rearranged and checked by the Assistant Secretary during 1969 and thoroughly cleaned, together with the Store Room, part of which is an Annexe to the library. A presentation copy was given by the British Museum (Natural History) of Publication No. 670 and was gratefully accepted for the Society’s library. This publication is entitled “Forty Drawings of Fishes made by the Artists who accompanied Captain James Cook on his three Voyages to the Pacific, 1768-71, 1772-75, 1776-80, some being used by Authors in the Deserip- tion of New Species” (London, 1968). The exchange of publications with the Royal Canadian Institute, Toronto, Canada, has been discontinued.

Fluorescent lights were installed in the offices of the Hon. Secretary and Assistant Secretary.

In July 1969, it was resolved that manuscripts be held for six months after the issue of the Part of the Proceedings in which they appeared, during which period they could be returned to the authors at their request. Unclaimed manuscripts could then be destroyed. Notice of this is to be brought to the attention of authors.

On 28th May 1969, Professor T. G. Vallance, on behalf of members of Council, presented Dr. A. B. Walkom with a case of pipes as a token of appreciation of his services to the Society over the last 50 years. Dr. Walkom became Secretary of the Society in 1919.

_ Congratulations were extended to Dr. D. F. Waterhouse, C.M.G., and Dr. Dorothy E. Shaw, M.B.E., on the receipt of awards from Her Majesty the Queen.

A crest for the Society was designed and printed on the brochure “A short account of its history, aims and objects” published in 1969.

The return to the Society from Science House was $7,704.07 for the year ended 31st August 1969, less rent, $3,556.00, leaving a net cash return of $4,148.07.

The following conservation activities, Dee Why Lagoon, Australian

Conservation Foundation, Nature Conservation of N.S.W., Myall Lakes and “Save Colong”. have received support from the Society.

The Seventh Sir William Macleay Memorial Lecture for 1970 will be delivered on 29th July 1970, by Sir Otto Frankel, D.Sc.. FUR.S., F.A.A.. entitled “Variation—the Essence of Life”.

ww

REPORT ON THE AFFAIRS OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR

Linnean Macleay Fellowship

Miss Alison kK. Dandie, B.Sc. (Hons.) did not apply for re-appointment to her Linnean Macleay Fellowship in Botany which terminated on 31st December 1969. During 1969 Miss Dandie continued her investigation into the part played by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in crop, pasture and native plants in New South Wales, particularly in regard to their role in nitrogen and/or phosphorus utilization. Further observations and measure- ments of spore characteristics of Hndogene were carried out in an attempt to relate the kinds found in New South Wales with those recognized overseas. Root samples from two distinct plant communities showed an incidence of 70% and 66% of species with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Efforts to inoculate certain crop plants in pot culture with Hndogene spores were continued.

No appointment was made in response to the invitation for applications of 24th September 1969. Applications are again invited to be received before 8th April 1970.

Linnean Macleay Lectureship in Microbiology

Dr. K. Y. Cho, Linnean Macleay Lecturer in Microbiology, University of Sydney, as from Ist January 1969, reported on his work for the year to 3Ist December 1969, as follows: The research work this year was concerned mainly with the growth and morphology of two extremely halphilic bacteria, Halobacterium halobium and Sarcina morrhue, in order to find some common basis for their halophilism. Mucopeptide was found to be absent from cells of Sarcina morrhuw. The cells, however, possess a thick cell wall and show no lysis on lowering the salt concentration of the medium. A short com- munication on the above finding is in preparation. Use of synchronous culture technique demonstrated a variation in thickness of the cell wall of Halo- bacterium halobium at various stages of growth, suggesting the presence of an exoenzyme proteinase.

The Hon. Treasurer (Dr. A. B. Walkom) presented the balance sheets for the year ending 28th February 1970, duly signed by the Auditor, Mr. S. J. Rayment, F.C.A. On the motion of the Hon. Treasurer it was resolved that they be received-and adopted.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS Owing to the absence abroad of the President, the Presidential Address: “The Biology of Nectaries,” was not delivered at the Annual General Meeting.

No nominations of other candidates having been received, the Chairman declared the following elections for the ensuing year to be duly made:

President: N. G. Stephenson, M.Se., Ph.D.

Members of Council: G. N. Baur, B.Sc., B.Sc.For., Dip.For.; W. R. Browne, D.Sc., F.A.A.; R. C. Carolin, B.Sc., A-.R.C.S., Ph.D.; S. J. Copland, M.Sc.; Mary M. Hindmarsh, B.Sc., Ph.D.; and Joyce W. Vickery, M.B.E., DSCs DESY

Auditor: S. J. Rayment, F.C.A. The Chairman then installed Dr. N. G. Stephenson as President.

A cordial vote of thanks to the retiring President was carried by acclamation.

OBITUARY NOTICES Rospert HENRY ANDERSON

Robert Henry Anderson, B.Sc.Agr. (Hons.), who died suddenly on 17th Aneust 1969, at Chatswood, New South Wales, was born on 12th March

4 OBITUARY NOTICES

1899, at Cooma, New South Wales. He was the son of the Reverend William Addison Smyth Anderson and Jane Thompson, was educated at Fort Street High School and received the degree of B.Sc. with Honours in March 1921. He had been a member of the Society since 1922 and was elected to the Council on 22nd July 1936, in place of My. A. TL 8S. Lucas, He was President for the yeay 1940/41. He accepted the office of Honorary Secretary of the Society on 21st April 1966, and persevered faithfully with his duties to the end of his life in spite of illness for many months. Mr. Anderson retired on 1ith March 1964, as Director and Chief Botanist of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, after 43 years continuous service. He had contributed four papers to the Society’s Proceedings and his Presidential Address was entitled “The effect of settlement upon the New South Wales flora”. He wrote many articles for the “Agricultural Gazette of N.S.W.” and was the author of the book “The Trees of New South Wales” (Sydney, 1932 and other editions), which he was again revising at the time of his death. He also wrote “An ABC of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney” (Sydney, 1965). He was very interested in the garden of “Everglades”, Leura, New South Wales. and was on the Committee of the National Trust of Australia, N.S. W., which was appointed to carve for and advise on the planting of trees, shrubs, etc., in that beautiful garden. He was also a member of the Remem- brance Driye Committee. Mr. Anderson had a kindly and considerate nature and did much in the interests of the Linnean Society.

ALEXANDER JOHN NICHOLSON Alexander John Nicholson, C.BLE.. DSc, F.BILS., who died on 28th October 1969, at Canberra, A.CLT.. had been a member of the Society since 1922, He had been connected with the CS.LR.O., Division of Entomology. Canberra, A.C.T., for many years.

Kerns Exerc Wevvestey Savrer

Keith Eric Weliesley Salter, B.Sc, who had been a member of this Society since 1932, died in Sydney on 6th August 1969. Between 1953 and 1962 he contributed six papers to the Society’s Proceedings including Parts 1-4 of “Studies on Australian Thynnide (Hymenoptera)”. He was Curator of the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, from 1st January 1934, to 31st December 1944. inclusive and a Lecturer in the Department of Zoology, University of Sydney, for many years.

Warren Lawry WarerHouse

Professor Walter Lawry Waterhouse, C.MLG., DSeAgr., M.C., D.LC., ILS.. FLALA.. who died at Lindfield, New South Wales on 9th December 1969, had been an member of this Society since 1927. He was a member of Council from 23rd April 1930 to 24th March 1965, when he resigned owing to continued ill health. He was President, 1925-26, and his Presidential Address was entitled “Some Observations on Cereal Rust Problems in Australia”. Council has recorded its appreciation of the devoted service of Professor Waterhouse to the Society. He had contributed 22 papers to the Proceedings, including his series, Australian Rust Studies, his Presi- dential Address, and also two with Professor IT. A. Watson as joint author. He was research professor in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sydney, retiring at the end of 1952. During his thirty-two years of service. he had occupied the positions of lecturer, reader and professor. Professor Waterhouse lectured on plant pathology, genetics and plant breeding. and agricultural botany. The scientific discipline derived from these courses was ideal, and has stood many graduates in good stead no matter in what field of scientific endeavour they worked: his teaching was inspired. His main

OBITUARY NOTICES a

researches were in the field of cereal diseases, in which he accepted the challenge of solving the wheat rust problem of Australia. He had many successes, the culmination of his work from a practical point of view resulting in the production of an outstanding variety known as Gabo, which was resistant to all the forms of stem rust existent in Australia up to 1948. But perhaps his greatest contribution was to give a complete understanding of the problem, a thorough knowledge of the rusts, techniques for breeding resistant varieties and, above all, hope for the future. Professor Waterhouse had been a good colleague and had played a considerable part in developing the Faculty of Agriculture in the University of Sydney. Although handicapped by wounds sustained in the First World War, when he was awarded the Military Cross, he never spared himself in his teaching and research. In his later years he suffered much physical pain, uncomplainingly and with great courage and patience. Professor Waterhouse’s work was recognized by many awards: he was given the Farrer Memorial Medal in 1937 and again in 1950: in 1943 he received the Clarke Memorial Medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales, and in 1948 the Australian Medal of Agricultural Science. His University conferred on him the title of Emeritus Professor. It is true to say that here was a man who had devoted himself to science and to agriculture, so that the lot of the farmer and the community might be improved and the world made a better place in which to live.

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NOTE ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE LERP AND HONEYDEW OF EUCALYPTOLYMA MAIDENIT FROGGATT

Rautpu BAsDEN Department of Chemistry, University of Neweastle

[Accepted for publication 1lith February 1970]

Synopsis

The lerp of this insect consists of starch. Starch of animal origin has not been previously reported. The honeydew contains a number of rare sugars, very different from the sugars of the sap. One of the sugars in the honeydew of Hucalyptolyma maidenii has not been previously reported. The name proposed for this sugar is Psyllose.

Plant lice and Lerp insects belong to the family Psyllidae. The nymphs of many of them secrete a waxy or papery material which acts as a protective scale or lerp. In a number of these, including Hucalyptolyma maidenti Frog. the lerp is composed of starch. This observation is of interest in that the lerps of psyllids are the only known examples of starch of animal origin. This was first noted in the analysis of a specimen of the lerp of Cardiaspina densitexta Taylor, sent to the author by Dr. T. C. R. White of the University of Adelaide. The lerp material is excreted from the anus of the nymph like paste being squeezed from a tube and is built up by the insect into a form characteristic of the insect. In the case of H. maidenii the lerp is shaped like a fern leaf. slightly less than 1 cm. long and about 3 to 4 mm. wide at its broadest part. Other insects make lerps of different shapes. The lerp of Lasiophylla striatus Frog. resembles the small shell of a bivalve. Another characteristic of the insect is that it lives on a specific host; H. maidenii has been found only on the leaves of Eucalyptus maculata while the lerps of Lasiopsylla are confined to Buclyptus wmbra. Even where the sucker growth of these two eucalypts is intermingled the lerps are confined to their specific hosts.

The lerp has been found to consist of dextrin, amylose and amylo-pectin. These are all polymers of glucose of increasing complexity. The molecule of dextrin consists of fifty to a hundred glucose units joined by (1— 4) linkages, amylose, the substance which gives the characteristic blue colour with iodine, consists of a chain of one hundred to three hundred units while the amylo-pectin molecule is a network of three hundred to six thousand units.

TABLE | The percentage composition of lerp of E. maidenii and of plant starch Average Euealyptolyma of Plant Starches Amylose .. Ae: ae 23-6 20 Amylo-pectin .. Rae 42-5 60 Dextrin .. Me: idgan 24-4 Nil Moisture .. et ae 9-7 20

The composition of the lerp differs from that of most vegetable starches as is shown in Table 1.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN Society oF NEw SourH WALES, Vow. 95, Part 1

10 LERP AND HONEYDEW OF EUCALYPTOLYMA MAIDENILT FROGGATT

In addition to the lerp the insect secretes honeydew. This consists of a mixture of sugars, many of which do not occur in plant sap. The composition of the honeydew of Hucalyptolyma maidenii is not unlike that of Hriococcus coriaceus Mask. (Basden, 1967). There is, however a sugar in the honeydew of Hucalyptolyma which has not been found in that of Hriococcus. It has not been previously described and the name Psyllose is proposed for it. This sugar is a tri-saccharide and has the composition:

O-D-Fructofuranosyl+O-D-Glucopyranosyl (13 )-O-—D-Fructofuranoside. The nature of the link between the first and second groups has not yet been determined.

TABLE 2 Components of the honeydew of Eriococcus and of Kucalyptolyma

Eriococcus Eucalyptolyma coriaceus mardenii EKriose —L + Raffinose + + Melezitose + —- Psyllose — + Laminaribiose + — Turanose + + Glucose + + Fructose + +

Reference

BASpEN, R., 1968.—The occurrence and composition of the sugars in the honeydew of Eriococeus coriaceus. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 92 (1967): 222.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF RHOPAEA MAGNICORNIS BLKB. (COL., SCARABAEIDAE)

C. E. CHapwickK 34 Second Avenue, Lismore, N.S.W. 2480* * Present address: Department of Agriculture, Rydalmere, N.S.W. 2116.

(Plate 1) [Accepted for publication llth February 1970]

Synopsis

Information is given on the morphology, life history and distribution of wRhopaea magnicornis Blkb., which damages pastures, sugar cane, arrowroot and pineapples in the coastal regions of northern New South Wales, and is also a pest in Queensland. The regeneration of vegetation in pastures after injury is discussed. The history of damage due to the insect is outlined and natural enemies mentioned.

INTRODUCTION

Several species of the genus Rhopaea are known to be injurious. R. vestita Arr. and R. subnitida Arr. are recorded as pests of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) by Arrow (1915) and Veitch (1919, 1922). Smith (1936) stated that several (unspecified ) members of the genus were pasture pests in southern Queensland, and Smith (1946a) that R. magnicornis was an important pest of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in southern Queensland. Saunders (1957) reported that a species of this genus damaged paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) on Buderim Mountain in 1911, roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum LL.) at Pittsworth in July 1915, paspalum pastures in the Kingaroy district, peanuts at Kingaroy and pastures in the Lower Burnett in 1936. He also stated that species belonging to this genus were responsible for damage to pastures in the Bundaberg district at Bingera in 1904 and Isis in 1910.

Rk. verreauri Blanch. has been bred from pastures in the Dorrigo district where damage has occurred for upwards of 30 years. Similar damage on the Comboyne Plateau has been caused by a species of scarab, probably of the Same genus.

Sraces or RHOPAEA MAGNICORNIS Blkb. Adult

The beetle is a typical melolonthine of uniform brownish colour (PI. figs. 1-2). The whole body is lightly punctate and bears numerous very fine hairs. Each sex has ten-segmented antennae and large hind wings. The female is obviously bulkier than the male. The measurements of 50 males and 14 females collected in the field are tabulated below:

Males Females Total length, mm. te nf i ES 22-0-25-0 24-0-28-0 Maximum width of elytra, mm. of #3 ¥ 11-0-12-5 12-5-14-5 Maximum width of prothorax, mm. .. i is 8-5-10-0 9-5-11-5

In the male the last eight segments of the antennae are expanded into large lamellae which, when folded together, present a somewhat rectangular appearance. The antennae of the female are much smaller, containing six lamellae which form a rounded club when folded (PI. 1, figs. 1-2).

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jo LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF RHOPAEA MAGNICORNIS BLKB.

The pygidium of the female is noticeably wider than that of the male, and has a distinct groove down the mid-dorsal line, on either side of which is a definite but slight ridge. The narrower pygidium of the male has at the most a very faint groove down the mid-dorsal line and no ridges.

Ligg

The egg is smooth, white and oval in longitudinal section. Under 16 x magnification a honeycomb pattern may be seen. Measurements made at different stages of development were as follows:

EGG SIZE Stage at which measured NOS. of eggs length width examined mn. mn. HKggs dissected from @ beetle .. ie 9 4-6-5 -0 3:9-4-2 Eggs 1-2 days after deposition .. sa 21 2-9-3-8 2-4-2-8 Eggs immediately prior to hatching .. 3 4.5-4-6 3-5-3-6

Brimblecombe (1942, p. 4) gave measurements of 2-75 x 2:0 mm., which increased: “until just before hatching the dimensions have practically doubled.”

Larva

The larva is a typical curl grub and remains in a permanently curved posture, unable to straighten itself. Consequently all length measurements were made with the ventral surface held against a flat surface.

The first instar has disproportionately long legs and a relatively large head compared with these structures in the next two instars. The raster is not conspicuous.

Second instar larvae are noticeably larger than those of the first instar. The third instar larva (Pl. 1, fig. 3) has a yellowish head capsule and light yellowish, bristly legs. The number of pali in the palidium varies from 16 to 26. (Saunders (1957) found about 16 setae, i.e. pali, on each side).

Sizes of the three instars are indicated in the following tabulation. LARVAL SIZE

Instar Number of Larvae Head Capsuleinmm. Body Length in mim. 1 12 3-0- 3-2 10-20 2 80 4-5— 5-7 33-44 3 373 6-2-10-2 32-62

In twenty larvae changing from second to third instar Dyar’s constant ranged from 1:20 to 1:55 (mean 1-37).

There is a considerable overlap in the sizes of male and female third instar larvae as measured by width of head capsule and by total length. Among 154 larvae bred to adults smaller individuals (6-6-7:-2 mm. head capsule width; 39-45 mm. total length) were exclusively males, and very large larvae (8-8-10-2 mm. head capsule width; 53-62 mm. total length) all females. but there was a large percentage of both sexes of intermediate size.

Prepupa

The prepupa is not a distinct morphological stage and varies in appearance in accordance with the time that has elapsed since the discharge Of uke body “tuids (RI 0, fie. 4.)

Pupa

The pupa is a typical scarab pupa libera and the sexes are readily distinguishable. In the male the antennae are large and approximately triangular in shape: on the abdomen posterior to segment 9 a trilobed ventral swelling consists of the lateral anlagen of the parameres and the central

Cc. E. CHADWICK 13

anlage of the penis. In the female the antennae are much smaller, curved and cylindrical; the abdomen lacks ventral protuberances, but a depression indicating the gonopore occurs between segments 8 and 9. In each sex the abdomen ends in a pair of fine-pointed curved spines. (PI. 1, fig. 5.)

Five specimens of each sex were measured:

Males Females Length, mm. as sit me Bes 30-0-36-0 32-0-34-5 Maximum width, mm. 13-0-14-5 14-0-16-0

Lire CycLeE AND BEHAVIOUR Rearing Technique

Larvae collected in the field were placed in closely-packed soil in 1 oz. (tobacco) tins, a maize grain being placed in each tin as food. The soil was taken from the area where the larvae were found; it was kept at about the Same moisture content as in the field and changed approximately monthly.

Pairs of adults were placed in one-quart glass jars, each containing a few inches of soil; after deposition the eggs could be seen through the bottom of the jar. Four eggs were transferred to a tin, one in each corner. After hatching, one larva was allowed to remain and the rest transferred to individual tins. All insects were examined twice daily.

Egg Deposition and Hatching

As adult beetles did not feed, reared pairs were placed together in jars of soil. Two females laid 41 and 28 eggs respectively; virgin females laid infertile eggs. Apparently all eggs were laid between the evening and morning inspections. ;

Each freshly-deposited egg was loosely enclosed in a small spherical pellet of soil with a hollow in the centre. The egg, at first oval, swelled gradually and eventually filled the whole cavity, by which time it became broadly oval in longitudinal section.

The average incubation period of eggs at room temperature in luismone was 20°8 days for those laid in early December (temperature range 62—85° F.) and 22-7 for those laid in mid-February (temperature range 64-81° F.).

Eggs were found in the field at Tregeagle and Eltham in December and January from 4 to 9 in. below the surface: no eges were found at any greater depth.

Larva

A newly-hatched first instar larva was uniform white, except for the mandibles which were darker, especially at the tips, which were black. After the larva hatched, the egg shell sometimes adhered to the larval head capsule. The larva sometimes ate the egg shell. A few hours after hatching the mature colour was attained in the sclerotized areas of the body, while one or two days later soil particles appeared in the alimentary canal. <As first instar larvae formed temporary cells in the soil in which they moulted, the exact date of the change could not be ascertained. Twelve eggs were laid between 2nd and 16th December 1933, by a reared female. The mean period of incubation was 20-5 days and the mean period between hatching and the appearance of the second instar larva was 58°5 days.

Larvae reared from eges did not survive to the third instar: however, of 20 second instar larvae collected in the field in August 1936 and kept in tins, eight moulted to the third instar before the end of October, a further 11 before the end of November, and one in early December.

14 LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF RIOPAEA MAGNICORNIS BLIXKB.

Just prior to ecdysis, both second and third instar larvae used their mandibles to consolidate the soil and form a cell in which moulting or pupation occurred. The newly-moulted third instar larva remained within the cell for some days during which it hardened and its colour darkened. It often appeared to have eaten the cast skin since all that remained were the second instar mandibles.

When handled, third instar larvae frequently regurgitated a black liquid somewhat more viscous than water, and some defaecated readily; the mandibles inflicted a sharp “nip”. Second instar larvae rarely acted in this way. At times larvae were seen to eat their own faeces. Larvae in close contact in the soil will attack and kill each other.

In the field larvae were found at varying depths, being deeper during drier conditions. Whilst eating grass roots the final instar larvae rested on their backs in the soil in small holes which may then be less than an inch below the soil surface. At other times the larvae were most commonly found at a depth of 4-5 in.; in one case a larva was found at a depth of 124 in.

aaa),

Samples of larvae were taken at Tregeagle in 12 successive months commencing in August 1940. Third instar specimens were found on every occasion and all large larvae obtained in November and December were in this instar. Second instar larvae were found from January until October. First instar larvae were found from November to March. As third instar larvae were present in every month of the year at Tregeagle, it was concluded that they spend at least twelve months in this instar. In one case, a third instar larva collected in January 1935 did not pupate until December 1936. No insects were reared from ege to adult in the laboratory, but it is probable that the life cycle occupies two years under normal conditions.

Prepupa

The prepupa was found from early October to December or, rarely, in early January. Examples of the latter did not overwinter, but emerged as late adults. One prepupa was found in the field on 7th September 1937, exceptionally early. As the prepupal stage did not involve a moult it was difficult to say precisely when it did begin. The time of discharge of the fluid from the body was taken as indicating the beginning of this stage. The time taken from liquid discharge until the larval exuviae were cast off varied from S to 18 days (mean of 34 cases was 13 days).

Pupa

The pupal period under laboratory conditions lasted from 22 to 38 days (72 samples) according to the time of the year, the period naturally decreasing with the approach of summer. Pupation under field conditions occurred mostly in October and November, for in 95 cases 384 pupations occurred in October, 45 in November, 12 in December and 4 in January.

In the field pupal cells (PI. 1, fig. 6) were found at a depth of four to ten inches.

Adult

The callow adult had pale orange-brown elytra, reddish-brown head and prothorax, light brown pygidium and appendages with the distal sternite of the same colour. The rest of the body was cream. The beetle rested on its legs with the wings held out open straight behind and bearing on their dorsal surfaces several globules of a colourless liquid. When the fiuid dried the wings were folded under the elytra. Normal colouration was attained in

Cc. E. CHADWICK 15)

about a week. The meconium was deposited from a week to a fortnight after emergence from the pupa. When tins were opened for inspection beetles were frequently found resting on their backs in cells.

In the field, flights of beetles were most common in November, December and in early January. The first flight both in 1984 and 1935 was on 30th November, in 1936 on 20th November, in 1939 on 14th December, in 1940 on 14th or 15th December, in 1944 on 13th December. Rarely were there any beetles about at the end of January, but in 1942 they were still present in early February.

During December evenings flights oH beetles occurred with maximum numbers flying between 7.05 p.m. and 7.25 p.m. The time of flight was very regular and probably depended on light intensity. After an unusually hot day, larger flights of beetles were noted, but no flights were observed in wet weather.

Beetles were not seen to rest on solid objects, such as fences, houses, etc.. but landed in grass, especially in large tussocks. No special direction of flight was noted. Males greatly outnumbered females in flights. Only 0-9 per cent of the adults taken at lights in the Tregeagle and Dorroughby districts were females; however, one sample from Tregeagle taken at Christmas 1939 contained 34 per cent females. Of 118 beetles bred from third instar larvae, 71 were males and 47 females. Apparently Rhopaea females fly much less readily than do the males; this could account for the large proportion of other species of Rhopaea in which the female is undescribed. There are no obvious differences between the hindwings of the two sexes of R. magnicornis.

The longevity of the adult in the field was not determined, but records were kept of its survival in the small tins used for rearing. Thirty-five males and thirty-six females lived for a general average of 45 days. The longest- lived female emerged on 9th December 19338 and died on 23rd March 193 104 days later.

DISTRIBUTION

Rhopaea magnicornis occurs in south-eastern Queensland and north- eastern New South Wales. However, the Queensland Museum contains a specimen labelled “Cairns